Are There Animals That Hibernate In The Summer

State of animal dormancy taking place in the summertime

Aestivation (Latin: aestas (summertime); as well spelled estivation in American English language) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking identify in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions.^[ane] Information technology takes identify during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry flavour, which are often the summer months.

Invertebrate and vertebrate animals are known to enter this state to avert damage from loftier temperatures and the hazard of desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation. The fossil tape suggests that aestivation may have evolved several hundred one thousand thousand years ago.

Physiology [edit]

Organisms that aestivate announced to be in a fairly "light" country of dormancy, as their physiological state can be quickly reversed, and the organism tin can speedily render to a normal country. A written report done on Otala lactea, a snail native to parts of Europe and Northern Africa, shows that they can wake from their fallow land within ten minutes of being introduced to a wetter surround.

The primary physiological and biochemical concerns for an aestivating animal are to conserve energy, retain h2o in the trunk, ration the use of stored free energy, handle the nitrogenous cease products, and stabilize bodily organs, cells, and macromolecules. This tin can be quite a task as hot temperatures and arid conditions may last for months. The low of metabolic rate during aestivation causes a reduction in macromolecule synthesis and degradation. To stabilize the macromolecules, aestivators will enhance antioxidant defenses and elevate chaperone proteins. This is a widely used strategy across all forms of hypometabolism. These physiological and biochemical concerns appear to be the cadre elements of hypometabolism throughout the animal kingdom. In other words, animals which aestivate appear to become through nearly the same physiological processes as animals that hibernate.^[2]

Invertebrates [edit]

Mollusca [edit]

Gastropoda: some air-breathing land snails, including species in the genera Helix, Cernuella, Theba, Helicella, Achatina and Otala, usually aestivate during periods of heat. Some species move into shaded vegetation or rubble. Others climb upwards tall plants, including ingather species as well every bit bushes and trees, and will likewise climb human being-made structures such as posts, fences, etc.

Their habit of climbing vegetation to aestivate has caused more than one introduced snail species to be alleged an agricultural nuisance.

To seal the opening to their shell to foreclose water loss, pulmonate state snails secrete a membrane of stale mucus called an epiphragm. In certain species, such every bit Helix pomatia, this bulwark is reinforced with calcium carbonate, and thus it superficially resembles an operculum, except that it has a tiny pigsty to allow some oxygen exchange.^{[ citation needed ]}

There is a decrease in metabolic rate and reduced rate of h2o loss in aestivating snails like Rhagada tescorum,^[three] Sphincterochila boissieri and others.

Arthropoda [edit]

Insecta: Lady beetles (Coccinellidae) have been reported to aestivate.^[4] Mosquitoes too are reported to undergo aestivation.^[5] Faux honey ants are well known for existence winter agile and aestivate in temperate climates. Bogong moths will aestivate over the summer to avoid the heat and lack of food sources.^[six] Adult alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica) aestivate during the summer in the southeastern Us, during which their metabolism, respiration, and nervous systems show a dampening of activity.^[7] ^[8]

Crustacea: An example of a crustacean undergoing aestivation is with the Australian crab Austrothelphusa transversa , which undergoes aestivation underground during the dry flavour. ^[nine]

Vertebrates [edit]

Reptiles and amphibians [edit]

Not-mammalian animals that aestivate include North American desert tortoises, crocodiles, and salamanders. Some amphibians (east.chiliad. the cane toad and greater siren) aestivate during the hot dry season by moving underground where it is cooler and more than boiling. The California reddish-legged frog may aestivate to conserve energy when its nutrient and water supply is low.^[eleven]

The water-holding frog has an aestivation cycle. It buries itself in sandy ground in a secreted, water-tight mucus cocoon during periods of hot, dry out weather. Australian Aboriginals discovered a means to accept advantage of this by digging upward one of these frogs and squeezing it, causing the frog to empty its bladder. This dilute urine—up to half a glassful—can be drunkard. Withal, this volition cause the death of the frog which will be unable to survive until the next rainy season without the water it had stored.^[12]

The western swamp turtle aestivates to survive hot summers in the imperceptible swamps it lives in. Information technology buries itself in various media which change depending on location and available substrates.^[13] Because the species is critically endangered, the Perth Zoo began a conservation and breeding program for it. Yet, zookeepers were unaware of the importance of their aestivation cycle and during the outset summer period would perform weekly checks on the animals. This repeated disturbance was detrimental to the health of the animals, with many losing significant weight and some dying. The zookeepers quickly changed their procedures and now leave their captive turtles undisturbed during their aestivation period.

Fish [edit]

African lungfish also aestivate^[xiv] ^[xv] every bit tin salamanderfish.

Mammals [edit]

Although relatively uncommon, a pocket-sized number of mammals aestivate.^[16] Animal physiologist Kathrin Dausmann of Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, and coworkers presented evidence in a 2004 edition of Nature that the Malagasy fatty-tailed dwarf lemur hibernates or aestivates in a pocket-sized tree hole for vii months of the year.^[17] According to the Oakland Zoo in California, iv-toed hedgehogs are thought to aestivate during the dry out season.^[xviii]

See too [edit]

Disquisitional thermal maximum
Hibernation induction trigger
Torpor

References [edit]

^ Miller, William Charles (2007). Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier. p. 206. ISBN978-0-444-52949-vii.
^ Storey, Kenneth B.; Storey, Janet M. (2012). "Aestivation: signaling and hypometabolism". The Journal of Experimental Biological science. 215 (8): 1425–1433. doi:10.1242/jeb.054403. PMID 22496277.
^ Withers, Philip; Pedler, Scott; Guppy, Michael (1997). "Physiological adjustments during aestivation past the Australian land snail Rhagada tescorum (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 45 (vi): 599–611. doi:10.1071/ZO97009.
^ Hagen, Kenneth Southward. (1962). "Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae". Annual Review of Entomology. 7: 289–326. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.001445.
^ Charlwood, JD; Vij, R; Billingsley, PF (2000). "Dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry out savannah zone of east Africa". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (vi): 726–732. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.726. PMID 11304064.
^ Common, I. F. B. (1954). "A study of the ecology of the adult bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with special reference to its behaviour during migration and aestivation". Australian Periodical of Zoology. 2 (2): 223–263. doi:ten.1071/zo9540223.
^ Cunningham, R. K.; Tombes, A. S. (August 1966). "Succinate oxidase system in the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, during aestivation (summer diapause)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. eighteen (four): 725–733. doi:x.1016/0010-406x(66)90207-6. ISSN 0010-406X. PMID 5967408.
^ Kutyna, F. A.; Tombes, A. S. (26 Nov 1966). "Bioelectric action of the central nervous arrangement in normal and diapausing alfalfa weevils". Nature. 212 (5065): 956–957. Bibcode:1966Natur.212..956K. doi:x.1038/212956a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 6003744. S2CID 4205279.
^ Waltham, Nathan J. (2016). "Unravelling life history of the Inland Freshwater Crab Austrothelphusa transversa in seasonal tropical river catchments". Australian Zoologist. 38 (two): 217–222. doi:10.7882/az.2016.034.
^ Fernandez, Five.; Abdala, F.; Carlson, K. J.; Cook, D. C.; Rubidge, B. S.; Yates, A.; Tafforeau, P. (2013). Butler, Richard J (ed.). "Synchrotron Reveals Early on Triassic Odd Couple: Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow". PLOS ONE. eight (6): e64978. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864978F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064978. PMC3689844. PMID 23805181.
^ Moore, Bob (29 September 2009). "Estivation: The Survival Siesta". Audubon Guides. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
^ Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. 50.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. D. (2001). Herpetology, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
^ Burbrige, Andrew; Kuchling, Gerald (2004). Western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) recovery plan (PDF) (3 ed.). Perth, Western Australia: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
^ Delaney, R. G.; Lahiri, S.; Fishman, A. P. (1974). "Aestivation of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus: cardiovascular and respiratory functions" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 61 (1): 111–128. doi:10.1242/jeb.61.1.111. PMID 4411892.
^ Fishman, A. P.; Galante, R. J.; Winokur, A.; Pack, A. I. (1992). "Estivation in the African lungfish". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 136 (one): 61–72. JSTOR 986798.
^ McNab, Brian Keith (2002). The physiological ecology of vertebrates: a view from energetics. Cornell University Printing. p. 388. ISBN978-0-8014-3913-one.
^ Dausmann, Kathrin H.; Glos, Julian; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Heldmaier, Gerhard (2004). "Physiology: hibernation in a tropical primate". Nature. 429 (6994): 825–826. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..825D. doi:10.1038/429825a. PMID 15215852. S2CID 4366123.
^ "East African Hedgehog". Oakland Zoo. Archived from the original on seven August 2016. Retrieved v September 2012.